nefric language
phonology
consonants
| - | labial | coronal | dorsal | glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| plosive | p | t d | k g | ʔ |
| nasal | m̥ m | n̥ n | - | - |
| fricative | ɸ v | θ ð | x | |
| sibilant | - | s z | ɕ ʑ | - |
| aproximant | w | l ɻ | ɰ | - |
| lateral fricative | - | ɬ | - | - |
| affricate | pf | ts | kx | - |
vowels
| - | front | central | back |
|---|---|---|---|
| close | ɨ | u | |
| mid | ə | ||
| open | a | - | ɒ |
| - | - | - | - |
| dipthongs | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| /ɛɪ/ | /aɪ/ | /ɛʊ/ | /jo/ |
| - | - | - | - |
orthography
/p/ <p>, /t/ <tt>, /d/ <d>, /k/ <k>, /g/ <g>, /ʔ/ <t>
/m̥/ <mh~hm>, /m/ <m>, /n̥/ <hn~nh>, /n/ <n>
/ɸ/ <f>, /v/ <w>, /θ/ <th>, /ð/ <dh~dd>, /x/ <h>
/s/ <s>, /z/ <z>, /ɕ/ <c>, /ʑ/ <ƶ>
/w/ <b~w>, /l/ <l>, /ɻ/ <r>, /ɰ/ <j>, /ɬ/ <hl~lh>
/pf/ <pf>, /ts/ <tz>, /kx/ <q>
/ɒ/ <o~d>, /a/ <a>, /ɨ/ <y>, /u/ <w>, /ə/ <e>
/ɛɪ/ <ei>, /aɪ/ <ai> /ɛʊ/ <eo>, /jo/ <ë>
always lowercase.
morphology
nouns
- present - current version of the noun
- non-present - past or future version of the noun
- collective - all present/non-present forms
- irrealis - a hypothetical or otherwise non-real version
- vocative - addressing the noun
most verbs use these regular prefixes, however there are irregularites
| present | non-present | collective | irrealis | vocative |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| * | c- | q- | lh- | ei[t]- |
verbs
most verbs have an inherent transitivity; they may be avalent or transitive.
verb template:
[OPINION][ASPECT][EVIDENTIAL]stem[RESULT] or [QUALIFIER]stem
the minumum marking for a verb is a qualifier, which marks some form of non-knowledge and explains the lack of any other information.
| aspects | perfect | imperfect | habitual |
|---|---|---|---|
| - | a | w | y |
| evidentials | gnomic | directly seen | inferential | anti-evident | prophesised | told by someone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | r | hl | k | w | z | ƶ |
| opinion | positive | negative | mixed | none |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | k | g | hn | c |
| result | alteration of reality | short term | long term | unfinished |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | ëq | ek | oc | eihn |
qualifiers : -eihnok or -keihn
examples:
compounding
words can be strung together. the root is the first word, and any other roots added are just added to the end.
syntax
word order is VSO.
vocabulary
pronouns
| word | pronunciation | translation |
|---|---|---|
| wë | /vjo/ | 1st person |
| je | /ɰə/ | 2nd person |
| ce | /ɕə/ | 3rd person animate |
| ef | /əɸ/ | 3rd person inanimate |
| edh | /əð/ | 3rd person abstract |
| wƶ | /uʑ/ | 3rd person mechanical |
numbers
| word | pronunciation | translation |
|---|---|---|
| wk | /uk/ | 1 |
| hner | /n̥əɻ/ | 2 |
| ceol | /ɕɛʊl/ | 3 |
| fwdd | /ɸuð/ | 4 |
| laik | /laɪk/ | 5 |
| ƶyhek | /ʑɨx.ək/ | 6 |
| waitz | /vaɪts/ | 7 |
| gef | /gəɸ/ | 8 |
people
| word | pronunciation | translation |
|---|---|---|
| ƶeiw | /ʑɛɪv/ | person |
| hmwddok | /m̥uð.ɒk/ | close freind |
| cyhneow | /ɕɨn̥.ɛʊv/ | aquaintance, freind |
| eodhek | /ɛʊð.ək/ | family member, cousin |
| pfwq | /pfukx/ | close family member, sibling |
| celhodh | /ɕəɬ.ɒð/ | adult family member, uncle/aunt |
| hyddwn | /xɨð.un/ | older family member, grandparent |
